Symptoms:

The symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome usually develop gradually and may vary in intensity over time. Common signs include:

Tingling and Numbness

A frequent early symptom is a tingling or “pins and needles” sensation, often felt in the thumb, index, middle, and ring fingers—but typically not the little finger. This numbness may feel like an electric shock and often occurs while using your hands, such as when holding a steering wheel, phone, or reading a newspaper. Many people report that symptoms wake them during the night.

The sensation can sometimes extend from the wrist up the arm, especially during more severe episodes. People often try to relieve discomfort by shaking out their hands. Over time, the numbness can become persistent, even during rest.

Hand Weakness

Carpal tunnel syndrome can also cause weakness in the hand, making it difficult to grip or hold onto objects. This may result from ongoing numbness or weakness in the thumb muscles responsible for pinching, which are also controlled by the median nerve.

Common Causes of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Anything that places pressure or causes irritation to the median nerve in the carpal tunnel can lead to carpal tunnel syndrome. Some of the most common causes include:

1. Repetitive Work or Hand Movements- such as typing, assembly line work, or using hand tools—can lead to inflammation and swelling in the wrist, which compresses the median nerve and increases the risk of developing carpal tunnel syndrome. This is especially true for people who perform the same motions for long periods.
2. . Wrist Fracture- A broken wrist can narrow the carpal tunnel, putting added pressure on the median nerve, which may lead to the onset of carpal tunnel syndrome.
3. Swelling and Inflammation- Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases cause swelling in the wrist, which can compress the median nerve and trigger symptoms.
4. Accidents or Trauma- Accidents or traumatic injuries to the wrist, such as falls or blows to the area, can lead to swelling, misalignment, or fractures that affect the carpal tunnel and put pressure on the median nerve.
5. Other Risk Factors- While less common, factors like genetics, obesity, pregnancy, or endocrine disorders (such as diabetes or hypothyroidism) may also increase the likelihood of developing carpal tunnel syndrome.

Diagnosis:

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation and patient history. The diagnosis typically involves:

1. Physical Examination- A healthcare provider will begin by reviewing the patient’s symptoms and performing a physical exam to assess the wrist and hand function. This includes checking for signs of nerve compression.
2. Phalen’s Test & Tinel’s Sign- Common clinical tests like the Phalen’s test (wrist flexion test) and Tinel’s sign (tapping over the median nerve) may be used to provoke symptoms and confirm the diagnosis.
3. Diagnostic Tests- For a more accurate diagnosis, additional nerve function tests such as:
   1. Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS)
   2. Electromyography (EMG)
      These tests help evaluate the electrical activity of the nerve and assess the degree of damage or compression.

Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome:

Treatment for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) can range from conservative therapies to surgical intervention, depending on the severity of the condition. Common treatment options include:

1. Conservative Treatments

• Wrist Splints: Wearing a wrist splint, particularly at night, can help keep the wrist in a neutral position and reduce pressure on the median nerve.

• Anti-inflammatory Medications: Over-the-counter medications such as ibuprofen or naproxen can help reduce swelling and alleviate pain.

• Physical Therapy: Exercises designed to strengthen and stretch the wrist and hand muscles may help improve mobility and relieve symptoms.

2. Corticosteroid Injections

In some cases, corticosteroid injections may be recommended to reduce inflammation and provide short-term relief from symptoms, especially when other conservative treatments have not been effective.

3. Surgical Treatment

If conservative treatments do not alleviate symptoms, surgical intervention may be necessary. Carpal Tunnel Release Surgery is a procedure that cuts the ligament pressing on the median nerve, effectively relieving pressure and allowing for better nerve function.

Prognosis:

With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, most individuals with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) experience significant improvement in symptoms. The prognosis depends on the severity and how quickly treatment is initiated.

1. Conservative Treatment Outcome

For many people, conservative treatments—such as wrist splints, physical therapy, and medications—are highly effective in managing symptoms and preventing further nerve damage. If CTS is caught early, these methods can provide long-term relief without the need for surgery.

2. Untreated CTS Risks

If left untreated, CTS can lead to permanent nerve damage or muscle weakness, particularly in the thumb and fingers, which may affect hand function. Over time, symptoms can become more severe, leading to a decrease in quality of life.

3. Surgical Intervention Outcome

For those requiring surgery (carpal tunnel release), the outcome is typically positive, with many patients experiencing significant relief from symptoms and restoration of hand function after recovery. Surgery has a high success rate in alleviating pressure on the median nerve.